References

Rules

• [S1] Laws of Badminton, in force 26/04/2025 (Version 5.0). Badminton World Federation (BWF Statutes, Section 4.1). https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/document-system/81/1466/1470/Section%204.1%20-%20Laws%20of%20Badminton%20-%2026%20April%202025%20V5.0%20(2)%20.pdf (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Net height (1.524 m at the centre, 1.55 m at the posts), court and net dimensions

Federation material

• [S13] DBV Rahmentrainingskonzeption (2017). Deutscher Badminton-Verband. https://www.badminton.de/fileadmin/user_upload/dbv-rahmentrainingskonzeption_2017.pdf (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: German technical terms used by the federation: Clear, Drop, Smash, Lift, Drive, Netzspiel, Abwehr, Split-Step, Aufschlag
• [S18] DBV Satzung, Ordnungen, Spielregeln 2026/2027 (Stand 13.06.2026). Deutscher Badminton-Verband. https://www.badminton.de/fileadmin/dateien_upload/dateien_2026/juli_2026/dbv_satzungswerk_2026-27_stand_13.06.2026.pdf (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Doubles rules as the DBV prints them (partner positions at service, only the receiver returns the serve, advice while the shuttle is not in play), the waist rule for service height at national events, and the German rules vocabulary
• [S33] Reimann G, Grundig M, Nagel R. Hilfe, mein Kind macht Leistungssport! Ein Ratgeber für Eltern. Olympiastützpunkt Sachsen e.V.. https://www.osp-sachsen.de/downloads/content/64ff1f53be906_Broschu%CC%88re%20Neu.pdf (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: A parent guide from an Olympic training centre: be a fan, not umpire or coach, avoid comparisons, do not let expectations turn into pressure (not peer-reviewed, not specific to badminton)
• [S47] Stolz-Klingenberg C, Weinkopf A. Gemeinsam gewinnt: Bezugspersonen im Leistungssport. Denkanstöße zum Dialog (2024). Olympiastützpunkt Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein. https://hhlv.de/wp-content/uploads/downloads-2024_OSP-Broschuere_Gemeinsam_gewinnt-163.pdf (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: An Olympic training centre brochure for people close to young athletes (full text read): agree in advance how recurring situations are handled, let the athlete keep contact with the coach as they develop, and note that load includes school, travel and disappointment (one brochure: convention, not a finding)
• [S48] DBV Jugendspielordnung, Anlage I: Ranglistenbestimmungen (Satzungswerk 2025/26, shortened, Stand 13.12.2025). Deutscher Badminton-Verband. https://www.badminton.de/fileadmin/dateien_upload/dateien_dezember_2025/jo_jspo_anlagen_aus_dbv_satzungswerk_2025-26_gekuerzt_stand_13.12.2025_-_changes-highlighted.pdf (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: In DBV ranking tournaments, players in U11, U13 and U15 may play at most one age class higher than their own, with an exception for winners (a rule about age classes, not about the number of starts; only a shortened excerpt was read)

Peer-reviewed research

• [S8] Cohen C, Darbois Texier B, Quéré D, Clanet C. The physics of badminton. New Journal of Physics 17 (2015) 063001. IOP Publishing / Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/6/063001 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Quadratic drag of a feather shuttle and its terminal speed of about 6.7 m/s
• [S11] Green R, et al. Notational analysis and physiological and metabolic responses of male junior badminton match play. Sports 11(2):35 (2023). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11020035 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Rally length in junior badminton (about 5.6 shots per rally; 10 boys aged 14)
• [S12] Phomsoupha M, Laffaye G. The science of badminton: game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics. Sports Med 45:473-495 (2015). Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-014-0287-2 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Average rally and rest time in competitive adult badminton (about 7 s and about 15 s; abstract only)
• [S24] Rupprecht AGO, Tran US, Gröpel P. The effectiveness of pre-performance routines in sports: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 17(1):39-64 (2021). Taylor and Francis. https://ucrisportal.univie.ac.at/en/publications/the-effectiveness-of-pre-performance-routines-in-sports-a-meta-an/ (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Pre-performance routines favoured: a small effect in before-and-after designs and a moderate to large effect in experiments (abstract and a university press release only)
• [S26] Knight CJ, Boden CM, Holt NL. Junior tennis players' preferences for parental behaviors. J Appl Sport Psychol 22(4):377-391 (2010). Taylor and Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10413200.2010.495324 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: What 42 junior tennis players said they wanted from parents at competitions: no technical or tactical advice, comments on effort and attitude (abstract, and the account in S30)
• [S27] Klaassen FJGM, Magnus JR. Are points in tennis independent and identically distributed? Evidence from a dynamic binary panel data model. J Am Stat Assoc 96(454):500-509 (2001). Taylor and Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1198/016214501753168217 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: In professional tennis, winning the previous point slightly raises the chance of winning the next, but the departures from independence are small (abstract text only)
• [S28] Miller JB, Sanjurjo A. Surprised by the hot hand fallacy? A truth in the law of small numbers. Econometrica 86(6):2019-2047 (2018). Econometric Society. https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01265 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: A statistical correction reversed the classic conclusion that streaks in basketball shooting are an illusion (abstract only)
• [S30] Harwood CG, Knight CJ. Parenting in youth sport: a position paper on parenting expertise. Psychol Sport Exerc 16(1):24-35 (2015). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.001 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: What young athletes say they want from parents, and that managing emotions at competitions is part of parenting expertise (accepted manuscript; a position paper, not an experiment)
• [S31] Hill DM, Hanton S, Matthews N, Fleming S. Choking in sport: a review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 3(1):24-39 (2010). Taylor and Francis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232834289_Choking_in_sport_A_review (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Two competing explanations of choking, distraction and self-focus (abstract text from a search result only)
• [S32] Hamann M, Thrower SN, Stokoe E, Harwood CG. What determines (in)effective post-competition parent-child interactions in British tennis? A conversation analysis of car journeys home. Psychol Sport Exerc 79 (2025). Elsevier. https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/127575/ (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: In 13 car journeys home, children disengaged when a parent reviewed problems and talked more when they started the conversation (accepted manuscript; a small qualitative sample)
• [S35] Zhao, Zhu, Zhang, Zhang. Comparison of the temporal and technical-tactical characteristics in badminton men's singles under different competition formats. Front Psychol (2025). Frontiers. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463982/ (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: About 21 seconds of rest between rallies at the 2024 BWF World Youth Championships (Table 3 read on the PMC page: men's singles, ages 17 to 18, 40 matches; the study reports shots per rally, about 10, not rally seconds)
• [S38] Bergeron MF, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. Br J Sports Med (2015). International Olympic Committee, via Europe PMC. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26084524/ (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: The IOC aims for healthy, resilient and capable youth athletes and asks governing bodies to protect them from overuse and other health problems (abstract only; no numbers are taken from it)
• [S39] Ford P, et al. The long-term athlete development model: physiological evidence and application. J Sports Sci 29(4):389-402 (2011). Taylor and Francis, via Europe PMC. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640414.2010.536849 (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: A critique of stage models: the LTAD model is one-dimensional, lacks empirical evidence and is generic rather than individual (abstract only; a UK model, not cited by the DBV in the text read)
• [S40] Thurber L, et al. Early sport specialization and intense training in junior tennis players: a sport-specific review. Sports Health (2026). SAGE, via Europe PMC. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251393642 (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: One clinical review of junior tennis links early specialisation to more injury risk, shorter careers and more burnout without demonstrated benefit for reaching elite level (abstract only, its own evidence level is 5; tennis, not badminton; its hour and tournament limits are not used)
• [S41] Bilgi and Devrilmez. The relative age effect is more than just participation bias in badminton. Acta Gymnica (2021). Palacký University. http://gymnica.upol.cz/artkey/gym-202101-0006_the_relative_age_effect_is_more_than_just_participation_bias_in_badminton.php (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: Among 288 medallists at European U15, U17 and U19 championships from 20 countries, players born in the first and second quarter were more than five and four times as likely to reach the podium as those born in the fourth quarter (abstract only; an association among medallists, no forecast for any child)
• [S43] Nicaise V, Lienhart N. Is the perception of the frequency of use of parental pressure and directive behaviors related to elite adolescent athletes' burnout, emotions, and motivation? Eur J Sport Sci (2025). Wiley, via Europe PMC. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70034 (Accessed 2026-09-29). Used for: In 219 elite adolescent athletes, more perceived parental pressure went with more anger, anxiety and burnout indicators (abstract only; cross-sectional and self-reported: an association, not a cause)

Other

• [S9] Collet E. Shuttlecock velocity decay after smash and slice shots in badminton. arXiv:2601.01412 (2026), submitted version (preprint, peer review not established). University of Rennes / CNRS. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.01412 (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: Measured speed loss of a feather shuttle after a smash (speed halves about every 3.35 m)
• [S14] Schlagtechniken im Badminton (club coaching page). BV Hervest-Dorsten. https://bvhervest-dorsten.de/2020/12/07/schlagtechniken-im-badminton/ (Accessed 2026-09-28). Used for: German terms used by clubs but not found in the federation material: Angriffs-Clear, Netzdrop, Unterhand-Clear